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The Silver Medal of Military Valor ((イタリア語:Medaglia d'Argento al Valore Militare)) is an Italian medal for gallantry. Italian medals for valor were first instituted by Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia on 21 May 1793, with a gold medal, and, below it, a silver medal. These were intended for junior officers or common soldiers who had distinguished themselves in combat. These medals fell into disuse during the period of Napoleonic domination. They were reinstated on 1 April 1815, by Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia, who, however, abolished them only a few months later, on 4 August 1815, replacing them with the Military Order of Savoy (l'Ordine militare di Savoia), now known as the Military Order of Italy. However, in 1833, Charles Albert of Sardinia, recognizing that the Military Order was too exclusive in that it could only be awarded to persons of high rank, re-instituted the medals for valor (gold and silver) as awards for noble acts performed by soldiers in both war and peace.〔preceding three paragraphs adapted and translated from the website of the ''"Istituto del nastro azzuro fra combattenti decorati al valor militare, Federazione provinciale di Pescara''" http://www.istitutonastroazzurro.it/ordinemilitaresavoia.html 〕 According to royal decree no. 753 of 24 May 1915, the number of times one individual could receive a medal for valor (both silver and gold) was limited to three, after which a promotion was foreseen. This limit was abolished with royal decree no. 975 of 15 June 1922.〔This paragraph is a translation of paragraph three of the section ''"Cenni storici''" in the Italian Wikipedia article ''"Valor militare''". http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valore_militare 〕 During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel, units above the level of company and civilians for exceptional valor in the face of the enemy. During World War I, the medal was given out some 38,614 times for individual acts of heroism (compared to 368 Gold Medals and 60,244 Bronze medals).〔"Nel 1° Centenario della istituzione della Medaglia al Valor Militare" edizione del 1933 dell' Ufficio storico dell' esercito〕 Thus, the Italian Silver Medal for Military Valor is equivalent in frequency and prestige to the British Military Cross, which was awarded some 40,253 times during World War I.〔London Gazette 〕 The Silver Medal for Military Valor is still awarded by the Italian state, and it, along with the Gold and Bronze medals for Military Valor as well as the "Croce di Guerra al Valor Militare" (War Cross of Military Valor - which can only be awarded in time of war) is established by the Royal Decree of 4 November 1932, in which the purpose of these medals is defined as "To distinguish and publicly honor the authors of heroic military acts, even ones performed in time of peace, provided that the exploit is closely connected with the purposes for which the Armed Forces are constituted, whatever may be the condition or quality of the author."〔 official website of the Italian Presidency http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/onorificenze/cennistorici/medagliacrocevm.htm 〕 ==Notable recipients== *Italo Balbo *William George Barker VC *Carlo Emanuele Buscaglia *Federico Cafiero *Mark W. Clark *Ludovico De Filippi *Alfred Gause *Joachim Helbig *Ernest Hemingway *Sir William Holmes *Hans Kroh *Alfredo Madau (Italian Wikipedia) *Hans-Joachim Marseille *Walther Nehring *Erwin Rommel *Hans-Ulrich Rudel *Hippolyte De La Rue *Emanuele Ruspoli *Nazario Sauro *Achille Starace *Johannes Streich *Attilio Teruzzi *Edmond Thieffry *Cervi Brothers *Hans von Luck 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Silver Medal of Military Valor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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